How to Fall Asleep Fast A 4-Week Program

How to Fall Asleep Fast A 4-Week Program Sleep and Dreaming Print A Four-Week Program for Better Sleep How to Fall Asleep Fast By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on February 04, 2020 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Want to know how to sleep fast? Sleep is essential to good health and too many of us lose hours of sleep each week from lying in bed awake, trying to sleep. This four-week program will teach you the skills you need to sleep faster and better. Who Should Try It If you do not fall asleep within 15 minutes of your head hitting the pillow, you are losing valuable sleep time on a daily basis. The average person needs between seven and nine hours of sleep each night, and while some people may be in bed for that long each night, many are not sleeping the whole time. If you can train your body to fall asleep fast, then you could gain 30 to 60 minutes of sleep or more each night. It all starts with changing some habits and developing some new skills. Steps to Take In order to fall asleep faster, youll need to retrain your body. For four weeks, you’ll break habits that are bad for sleep and develop new skills to help you to fall asleep fast. Some of the habits to change include not reading and watching TV in bed, altering your behaviors in the hour leading up to sleep and working on evening eating habits. Some skills you will develop include relaxation, not languishing in bed and exposing yourself to more daylight. Specifically, you’ll work on the following skills, one each week. Week 1: ?Only Sleep Reading, watching TV or even thinking about your day when you get in bed cues your body to believe that something other than sleep needs to happen when you get in bed. Instead, retrain your body to believe that bed is only for sleep by avoiding all other in-bed activities. Week 2: ?Day Light, Night Light Help reschedule your bodys circadian rhythm for better sleep by increasing light exposure during the day and lowering that exposure at night. That means getting outdoors and using bright lights during the day, and dimming the lights at nightâ€"and avoiding bright electronics. Week 3: ?Avoid Sleep Thieves Alcohol, stress, and caffeine are all sleep thieves. Avoid them and youll fall asleep faster. Week 4: ?Nightly Ritual Your body loves habits, and by creating a habitâ€"or ritualâ€"that is strongly associated with sleep, your body will know what to do when you get into bed. Set a bedtime and create a routine that you stick to every night. Results to Expect After four weeks of consciously improving your sleep behaviors, you should be able to fall asleep within minutes. This will add hours of extra sleep each week without changing your daily schedule. You’ll feel more energized, be healthier and be better able to avoid illnesses and health conditions. If youve given each week a good try and your sleep still doesnt improve, you might have sleep disorder and should consider seeing a sleep doctor.

Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke Free Essay Example, 1000 words

I argued that the song had some feminist themes as it sought to liberate women against male oppression. They argued on the basis that they were fathers and husbands meaning that it was not possible for them to portray women in such an undignified manner or sexist. According to Lynskey of the Guardian UK, the lyrics to the song include the use of derogatory names against, which in some quarters is considered racist, hence influencing an outcry by those involved in the feminist movement. The explicit version of the song also has some sexual elements embedded in it is as analysts decry why the song had to give details on what they can do to a woman in a sexual way. This to them exemplifies rape as a woman is not supposed to have a say in the way that a man can have her sexually, meaning that their consent in sexual matters is inconsequential as the man is the one who gets to decide. Others argue that the video promotes pornography ideology, especially with the models in the song appear ing topless or bikinis that have the same color as their skin hence creating the idea of nudity. We will write a custom essay sample on Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Obviously, the gents in the videos are fully clothed as compared to the male models, hence influencing the myth that only women should be portrayed sexually in order for art to sell. As much as the video attracted controversy, it was the most downloaded song on the internet and in the UK hence explaining a lot a lot about the true culture that people are following and the one that they advocate for (Carr 2013). Essentially, if the song portrayed women in a bad light as purported by critics that the numbers do not lie as the song was received well drawing from its position at the top 100 and also topping the radio request list in the USA. This effect was the same across the globe as the most acceptable is the one that attracts as much controversy as possible. The identity that is portrayed in the video is that of counter-hegemony as argued by the video director and the songwriters as it seeks to challenge male power over women by claiming to liberate them.

The Rights Of Same Sex Couples - 1118 Words

Soppho: Have you heard, Socrates, that our government is intending to extend the rights of marriages to same-sex couples? Under that change, gay partners will then be recognized equally as heterosexual husbands and wives. Socrates: Yes, but politicians and those in positions of influence have no business to mess with the standard of God relating to marriage, let alone decide to debate this issue as if it is open for discussion. Because of the way they are boasted, they don’t have a proper perspective on themselves and where they fit in this life. The standard is clear by the way that men and women are made, so the coupling of heterosexuals is shown to be divine. Soppho: That’s bigotry, if you will feel the love between homosexuals is†¦show more content†¦Crazy, right? Road to equality! Socrates: Here’s what you have to understand about bans on interracial marriage: they were designed to divide the races, and that was and is wrong. Traditional marriage encourages and supports bringing the genders together, which is good. Ethnicity is not a fundamental merit or facet of marriage. But gender is. Therefor, including interracial couples does not draw an analogy for the redefinition of marriage. Interracial, opposite-sex couples can still produce biological children together. Same-sex marriage is a redefinition of marriage—that’s something very different. Soppho: First, you have some things right (tradition, racism) but fail to provide an example of when it is ever okay to pass a form of discrimination against gay people. Second, if restricting the legality of marriage based on race is what you say it is — racial discrimination — why ban the legal recognition of a choice of partner on the basis of gender? That would qualify as sex discrimination. Socrates: Must our jurisdiction then permit the marriage between polygamous parties? If marriage is redefined so that the sex of spouses is irrelevant, why stop there? It can be further refined so that even the age and blood relation of the spouses is also irrelevant. If marriage is a fundamental rights issue, there can be no grounds for saying no to polygamists or non-consenting unions. Soppho: Setting aside how

Essay about American Foreign Policy in Syria - 1237 Words

There is an increasingly growing global controversy about whether the United States should intervene in the Syrian conflict, and whether this intervention should be military or strategic. The U.S. has recently avoided interfering militarily in Syria or providing the rebels with direct support, but admitted the presence of the Syrian opposition. However, the U.S. has been criticized for its non-intervention policy, especially with the rise in the level of violence and the spread of conflict to other areas of the country, and even to its borders with Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. The Syrian Crisis began almost three years ago. Since then, the killings, the bombings and the fleeing haven’t stopped. Obama’s administration was blamed for letting†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, a U.S. military intervention is unlikely to happen since the U.S. cannot afford, politically or economically, an unsecured contribution to the Syrian war for an unpredictable period of time, especially after Obama’s foreign policy has been focused on ending all military involvements in Iraq and Afghanistan. The U.S. army hasn’t seemed to rest from the wounds of the two major past war, and veteran families were promised that military interventions will end, which makes the issue of intervention in Syria even more complicated for the U.S. Moreover, nothing really secures a stable post-war situation in Syria. Even if the regime falls apart and Assad leaves, a national chaos will most likely dominate in Syria, because the Syrian people themselves don’t know yet what is best to come next, or what kind of regime should rule their country. Some are afraid that the extremist pro-Al Qaeda jihadist group might take over and make things worse with an Islamic state in Syria, which also threatens the rest of neighboring countries and messes with the balance of powers in the Middle East region. â€Å"The New American Foundations Brian Fishman recommends a patient approach of training and modestly arming rebels,† said an online article for the Council of Foreign Relations. Others suggest that the U.S. should reach out for the non-extremists in Syria and work with them to most importantly secure the collapse of Assad’s regime. The U.S. helped over theShow MoreRelatedSyrian Civil War Case Study1326 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Fall of 2016, as the United States presidential election approached, a civil war in Syria continued with no end in sight. The Syrian civil war has brought with it a great deal of death and destruction; more than 480,000, many of whom are civilians, were estimated to have been killed as of February 2016, with the death toll rising daily. Running on a platform of America-first, Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, advocated against intervention in Syria’s war, unless the interventionRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of expanding its national interests over the national boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S. intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy witnessed a tremendous economic growth, nearly elimination ofRead MorePoem Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesForeign Policy Debate The Current U.S foreign policy in the Middle East has a goal to advance peace, security, and prosperity in the Middle East. The Current foreign Policy is also supposed to defeat Al-Qa’ida and its extremist affiliates in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The United States Foreign policy protects the U.S citizens by governing international relations, but the current U.S. foreign policy undermines our national security in the Middle East, through drone strikes, the war in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Future Effect Of The Election Of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau1131 Words   |  5 Pageswill define the future effect of the election of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in terms of the Canadian foreign policy in the restructuring of military intervention in foreign affairs and the pro-trade globalization mandates of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Trudeau’s election defines the overriding political agenda of the Liberal Party of Canada to stop ineffective bombing missions in Syria an d Iraq, yet to maintain special forces troops to better manage the war against ISIS. More so, TrudeauRead MoreDr. Lanier s Lecture1029 Words   |  5 PagesWith the complex culture of today’s America, it is important to understand how the country works. In a study executed by Business Insider it has been recorded, â€Å"The poll showed only 36% of Americans could name all three branches of the government and 35% couldn t name any of them. It also found over 60% of Americans don t know which political party controls the House of Representatives and the US Senate† (qtd. Business Insider). With American’s running amuck through streets protesting and rioting,Read MoreAmerican Politics Course At The Latin School Of Chicago Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pages(Goldberg). I am analyzing my own work, an essay I called â€Å"Keeping a Distance† which is an analytical essay that argues the successes of president Obama’s foreign policy. This essay was written in May 2016 for my Honors Comparative and Global Politics course at the Latin School of Chicago. In my essay I strived to persuade Americans that Obama’s Foreign policy was overall very successful. To assist me in my goal, I used Logos and Pathos to gain the trust and emotions of my audience. In my essay â€Å"Keeping aRead MoreUS and the Cold War Era1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the U.S. maintained a relatively confusing agenda regarding foreign policies during the Cold War era, its attitudes are clearer in the present as globalization has strengthened connections between all international actors and made it more difficult for some to focus on maintaining hostile outlooks. The U.S. has had a long history with Syria and Israel, as the superpower has struggled to keep the two countries from abusing each-other and has, at times, provided the latter with significant financialRead MoreSovereignty And Non Interference During The Cold War1287 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-interferenc e in internal matters are deemed as sacrosanct in international relations. However, they are the principles usually flouted, particularly since the fall of the European empires and the rise of the Cold War. The crises in Ukraine and Syria, among others, are only the latest examples of the erosion of sovereignty and external interference in internal matters. European powers of the yore exercised sovereign rights without significant external interference. They were driven by their ownRead MoreAnti Assad Regime : Saudi Arabia1378 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Assad Regime 4. Saudi Arabia In Syria, Saudi Arabia want the Assad regime to fall in order to put in a Sunni Arab regime friendly to Saudi interests. They’re forcefully in support of the USA prospect of military action. Saudi Arabia’s obsession has been Iran. Both powers have their own spheres of influence, and are locked in a battle for regional hegemony. So they see the downfall of the Assad regime as a decisive blow against Iran’s government. Saudi Arabia has transformed this desire intoRead MoreInternational Policy Between Western Countries And The Middle East Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 1) ISIS changed foreign policy between western countries and the Middle East Data Analysis and Sources: *Empirical history USA Foreign policy: From 1945 to 1990 the United States of America kept an important military deployment in Europe and Asia and in contrast they had a low military footprint in the Middle East counting relying instead on their local allies; more particularly the conservative Arab monarchies in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Persian gulf and had

Taxation Law Various Corporate Community

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law for Various Corporate Community. Answer: Part A 1. The commissioner of taxation is Chris Jordan and also registrar of Australian business register. Chris Jordan is supported by Executive Committee and other various corporate committees. The Australian Taxation Office is led by commissioner of taxation, Chris Jordan (Deutsch, 2013). 2. The mission statement of Australian Taxation office is to contribute to economic development and social wellbeing of the Australians by encouraging willing participation in tax and also in superannuation systems (Amatucci et al., 2006). 3. The information can be found on the official page of Australia Taxation Office. The web address of Australian Taxation office is https://www.ato.gov.au/. Australian Taxation Office is responsible for the development and implementation of taxation system within the country (Avi-Yonah, 2007). It effectively shape and manage the superannuation and tax system that fund services and support for Australians. 4. The Taxpayers charter does not allow the Australian Taxation Office to disclose any information to other parties. The information can be disclosed by Australian Taxation Office when an individual wants for any specific reason. 5. The section 995.1 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 contains the definitions related to the act. It describes all the rules, policies and tax legislation (Boxer, 2008). 6. The Income Tax assessment act 1997 considers expenditure to be an allowable deduction. The section 25.5 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 shows deduction on the expenditure that an individual incur. The deductions are divided into general deduction, specific deductions and no double deductions. An individual can deduct ay loss from the assessable income. The deductions are available of having provisions of this act and two or more provisions of the act are not allowed to be deducted in respect of same amount (Herault and Azpitarte, 2014). The title of the section is Division 8 deductions. Section 40 shows capital expenditures are also deducted. 7. Section 15 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 shows value of allowances in the assessable income. There allowances are available in respect of employment or services, insurance for losses and subsidies. The assessable income also includes value of all the allowances, compensation, gradates, premiums, bonuses and benefits provided to an individual in respect to any employment or services rendered by him (The international tax handbook, 2013). 8. Yes, the values of the allowances are provided in the monetary form. The information can be found in the Australian Legal information websites. The income tax assessment act 1997 shows the taxation system and legislation describing all the rules such as allowances and deductions (Lloyd, 2015). 9. The Taxation Ruling TR 2013/2 main focus is on income tax: college or school building funds. The ruling includes section 30-15 and subsection 30-25 (1) of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 apply to individuals who make contribution or gift to public fund that purports to be a college or school building fund. 10. The tax determination TD 2016/3 sets out rates for cent per kilometers for the private use of the motor vehicles for Fringe Benefit Tax year starting 1 April 2016. The applicable rate for the motor vehicles is as follows: Engine Capacity Rate Per Kilometer 0-2500c 52 cents Over 2500 cc 63 cents Motorcycles 16 cents Part B The tax situation of Australia determines the residency context status which is stated as per the case study of the Midoona. The residential and the non-residential laws are conducted for the case of Midoona which provides fruitful outcomes with the consideration of the taxation system of Australia. Since Midoona is pop star, she travels around Australia for conducting shows and thereby the income is made in a prosperous way (Barkoczy et al., 2012). For this the Australian taxation laws seems to be implemented on the income made by her and thereby income law of Australia under the status coming to Australia is implemented on her income. With considering the income tax of Midoona, she had to pay tax on the basis of the income made and thereby the deduction of the amounts is made with the consideration of the related earnings. With the consideration of the taxation system of Australia, it includes declaration of the income, deductions can be claimed, offsets and the rebates made, income tests (Burrell and McGinn, 2009). The case study is judged on the basis of the topic related to the income taxes and thereby the amount of the tax paid with claiming for the extra deductions made and also based on the part of the earnings made directly for the shows conducted. The travelling tax for Midoona seems to be implemented with being the foreign resident of Australia and thereby the different residency statuses of taxes are created with the consideration of tax purpose (DZHUMASHEV and GAHRAMANOV, 2010). Since Midoona visits the Imperial Hotel for the purpose of conducting shows, thereby the income tax is deducted from the incom e made and thereby the tax seems to be applicable only on the income made and not on the prizes that are owned by Midoona. Midoona also earned $45000 from her job as a kartoake hostess. For this the appropriate taxation file must be created which must be displayed for the appropriate conduct of the taxation laws and the reforms of Australia. Thereby the taxation system seems to be maintained appropriately by Midonna with following the rules and the regulations of Austalia (Meagher and Agrawal, 2008). Henceforth the subscription of the process is created in the context of job for which the income tax is also implemented. As per the rules of the taxation, the deduction of taxes seems to be taking place from the form of the amount received and with the consideration of job, the taxation amount of an individual must be deducted from the salary or the wages paid. These are the taxation rules that seem to be implemented on Midoona with the consideration of the non-resident of Australia and the job status provided as per the case study. In is most important for the tax payer to check his/her residency status in order to pay tax as the assessable income for the tax consequence will be calculated according to the residency status of the tax payer. In Australia there are certain norms and rules to determine the residency status of the tax payers. For the citizens of foreign country, who lived in Australia at one place for more than six months of a specific taxation year are included as Australian resident for tax purpose for that specific year. Moreover, the tax for the individuals would be calculated as per the Australian residents tax calculation. For the undertaken case of Midoona, it is observed that she arrived in Australia on 2nd July 2015 as per her schedule musical tour around world (Munk, 2007). She is a pop star and she performs music all around the world. Her home town is Bourbon-On-Ryde a quaint English town. She came Australia for a music tour. Moreover, she did not stay in a single place more than 6 month s. She came to Sydney and after concerting at Sydney she perform at Adelaide and she did stay six months continually in either place as she arrived on 2nd July 2015 at Sydney and completed her music tour in Australia at Adelaide on 15th August 2015. After finishing her music tour she with her children spent vacation in Australia and visited the Northern Territory town of Darwin and on 15th September she departed from Australia to her home town and she spent only one moth at Northern Territory town of Darwin thus, none of the place in Australia she spent six months continually, thus in this situation she would not be considered as Australian citizen for the taxation year 2015-2016. However, on 1st April 2016 she again came to Australia and this time for a fixed job of 2 years and she probably will reside in a same place during the next two years (Thomas, 2010). Thus, for the next financial year 2016-2017 she will be considered as Australian resident for tax purpose. 2. Income ($) Expenditure ($) Australian tour 450000 operating expenses 380000 Appearance fees 15000 Spend on dresses 1000 Cash Prize 1000 Subscription to magazine 200 Cash Prize 200 Membership subscription 500 Income from job 45000 Tips from customer 2500 513700 381700 Assessable income 132000 The tax rates for the non resident for the year 2015-2016 are as follows: Taxable income Tax on the income 0-$80,000 32.5c for each $1 $80,0001-$180,000 $26,000 plus 37c for each over $80,000 $180,001 and over $63,000 plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000 Middoona has to pay tax as per the Australian Taxation law. The assemble income of Middona is $132,000. Therefore, the tax is to be paid under the slab $26000 plus 37c for each over $80,000 as per the Australian Taxation Law. The foreign resident in Australian would be considered for tax purposes. Midoona has to pay tax on the income earned from different sources. At first, Middona earned $45,000 from the Australian tour and performing a show . She also appears on the Affairs of Today show from where she earned an appearance fees of an amount of $15000. After that she also wins a prize that consists of weakened at Alatai Holiday Apartments and a cash prize of amount $500 each. The income earned is governed by the taxation rule of Australian Taxation Office (Quinn and Milazzo, 2010). She also wins cash prize from a stiff competition of amount $200. She earned $45000 from a job as the Karaoke hostess at Imperial Hotel in the Darwin. All these incomes will be consider as assessable inco me for Midoona and tax will be calculated. Midoona also received a tip from the customers at a hotel amounting to $2500. However, she had also expensed some of money for its personal needs and all those costs are deducted from the income. The expenditures that are included are operating expenses, spending on two dresses, subscription to magazines and yearly membership subscription in a monthly newsletter. The Australian Taxation Law explains the income tax that to be implemented on the assessable income. Midoona has to pay tax on the income earned from different activities as she is foreign resident for the tax purpose. The Australian Taxation Law explains the income tax rules. 3. The justification provides for the case study depicted depicts the ITAA36 and ITAA97 taxation rules which comes under the Act of 1953. It henceforth determines the tax Assessment which helps in explaining issues with the consideration of rulings in the form of the Income tax assessments. The expenses are also related to the acquisitions that holds or disposes are enabled with the creation of assurance policies. It thereby also helps in the creation of appropriate income tax assessments with the creation of assurance policies and also increases the value of the investments related to the policies created. The deduction policies are created with the consideration of the provisions made and also the investments that are made are also calculated in the income tax which must be paid. The taxation rulings for the investment and the administration with the creation of charges on the capital nature and incurring of the existing deductions are made with considering the profits, gains and t he bonuses earned (White, 2009). Henceforth the section provides appropriate judgement for the charges that are applied on the administration and on the capital nature of the income made. Therefore the income tax is seemed to be deductible from the income received with the consideration of the type of the income made. With the consideration of income from the Australian tour, Midoona earns a lump sum amount of money for which the tax seems to be implemented on the income made by Midoona. The tax is implemented on the amount $450,000 which is earned by Midoona during the Australia tour. As per the Taxations laws Acts of Australia, the tax is calculated on the basis of total income made and the total expenditures created. The deduction must be made on the basis of income earned and the expenditures created which helps in the formation of the appropriate justification of the taxation system in the context of the taxation law of Australia (Woellner, 2013). The Appearance fees are seemed to be collected in the form of appearing in the magazine of The Affairs of Today for which she collects the fees of $15000. The cash prize seems to be received for winning the competition organised in the Altai Hotel Apartments with the amount of $500 and the values of the apartment is also $500. The income made from job of Karaoke hostess in the Imperial Hotel Darwin seems to be $45000 for Midoona and the tips collected by Midoona is about $2500 from the hotel only. On the basis of these incomes, the tax is seemed to be implemented in the form of the Australias taxation law which is seemed to be implemented in the activities that is carried out. On the basis of these activities the tax is calculated and thereby the tax must be provided for the consideration of the laws of Australia. References Amatucci, A., GonzaÃÅ' lez, E., Trzaskalik, C. and Amatucci, A. (2006).International tax law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Avi-Yonah, R. (2007).International tax as international law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N. (2012).Australian tax casebook. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Boxer, A. (2008). TAXATION IN AUSTRALIA*.Economic Record, 41(96), pp.639-649. Burrell, D. and McGinn, J. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Deutsch, R. (2013).Australian Tax Handbook. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. DZHUMASHEV, R. and GAHRAMANOV, E. (2010). A Growth Model with Income Tax Evasion: Some Implications for Australia*.Economic Record, 86(275), pp.620-636. Herault, N. and Azpitarte, F. (2014). Recent Trends in Income Redistribution in Australia: Can Changes in the Tax-Benefit System Account for the Decline in Redistribution?.Economic Record, 91(292), pp.38-53. Lloyd, P. (2015). Excise Tax Harmonisation in Australia at Federation.Aust Econ Hist Rev, p.n/a-n/a. Meagher, G. and Agrawal, N. (2008). Taxation Reform and Income Distribution in Australia.Australian Economic Review, 19(3), pp.33-56. Munk, K. (2007). Tax-tariff reform with costs of tax administration.International Tax and Public Finance, 15(6), pp.647-667. Quinn, P. and Milazzo, S. (2010).Cornerstone series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. The international tax handbook. (2013). Haywards Heath, West Sussex, UK: Bloomsbury Professional. Thomas, G. (2010).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. White, R. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia.

Socrates Moral Obligation To Civil Law

The following is the hypothetical conversation on the subject of one’s moral obligation to a civil law, which could have had taken place between Socrates and Protagoras (sophist philosopher).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the course of this conversation, Socrates was able to prove to Protagoras that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law is indeed fully objective. The conversation was concerned with the discussion of contemporary socio-political issues. Protagoras: Dear Socrates, I am not entirely convinced that people should consider themselves being morally compelled to seek into attuning their act with the conventions of a civil law. The reason for this is simple – as you, I am sure, is being well aware of; morality itself never ceases to remain the subject of a constant transformation. As human societies advance, in social, scientific and cultural senses of this word, the morality of these societies’ members never ceases to attain qualitatively new characteristics (Foucault 101). Therefore, it would only be logical to assume that there are no good reasons to believe that, as time goes on, the concept of one’s moral obligation to a civil law will continue to be perceived as being thoroughly objective. Socrates: I do not deny the fact that, as time goes one, people’s code of behavioral ethics undergoes a qualitative transformation. Nevertheless, you should agree that the earlier mentioned transformation results in people growing ever more open-minded and tolerant. For example; whereas, as recent as hundred years ago, the majority of citizens in Western countries thought of the concept of ‘civil marriage’ as such that implied ‘sinfulness’, it is no longer the case nowadays. After all, it now became a commonplace practice among We stern men and women to enter into relationships, without having to get married (Cherlin 848). Do not you agree?Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protagoras: Yes, I agree. This, however, only proves the validity of what I was saying earlier – as time goes on; the conventions of traditional morality become increasingly outdated. In its turn, this should lead us to a conclusion that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law can no longer be thought of as representing an undeniable truth-value. After all, it may very well be the case that tomorrow, people’s newly adopted moral predispositions will prompt them to consider one’s willingness to adhere to the conventions of a civil law as being essentially ‘immoral’ – certainly, not an improbable scenario. Socrates: Your argument, in this respect, cannot be considered fully legitimate. The reason for this is simple – while stating that people’s morality undergoes a continuous transformation, you failed at pointing out to what represents such transformation’s qualitative effects. As I mentioned earlier, there is an undeniable tendency for Western societies to grow ever more tolerant. Given the fact that you admitted that my line of argumentation, in this respect, is being fully legitimate, you will have to agree that the subtleties of morality’s transformation are being dialectically predetermined. To put it plainly – it is quite possible to predict the spatial essence of morality’s continuous alteration. Protagoras: I guess I will have to agree. Still, I do not quite understand how what you have just said relates to what it being discussed. Socrates: What I have said points out to the fact that Western societies become increasingly secular (civil). Therefore, it would only be natural to think that the essence of earlier m entioned morality’s transformation is being fully consistent with the process of societies’ secularization (Dobbelaere 167).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, this secularization appears to be driven by people’s realization of the fact that there is nothing wrong with the disposal of clearly outdated moral dogmas. Protagoras: Yes, this is exactly what I was trying to say. Socrates: Then, you would have to also agree that, even though the process of morality’s transformation does affect a variety of legal conventions, it nevertheless does not undermine Western law from within, as a whole. Otherwise, the process of people becoming ever more open-minded and less concerned with professing the traditional values should have resulted in Western societies being plunged into the state of anarchy. Yet, this is not being the case, is it? Protagoras: I will have to agree with you on that. Even though that, as time goes on, more and more people tend to reconsider the validity of clearly outdated moral conventions, such their tendency does not seem to affect the qualitative aspects of Western societies’ functioning. Socrates: This is because, contrary to what you were implying, the continuous transformation of a number of ethics-related traditional conventions does not result in undermining morality’s validity, as ‘thing in itself’. It is important to understand that; whereas, in the past, the notion of morality used to be perceived as something closely associated with the notion of religion, it nowadays is being increasingly looked upon as something that originates out of an impersonal civil law.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protagoras: It is actually beginning to dawn upon me what you are trying to say. Evidently enough, you are implying that the notion of morality is being essentially synonymous to the notion of a civil/secular law, as the solemn ‘authority’ that regulates socio-political dynamics within a particular society. Socrates: Yes, you are right. Just consider the case of Muslim countries in the Third World. The majority of these countries’ citizens never cease taking pride in their strong adherence to the dogmas of Islamic morality. Moreover, even upon having immigrated to Western countries, these people continue to profess the ideals of ‘traditional living’, while bashing native-born Westerners on the account of their ‘materialism’, ‘consumerism’ and ‘non-spirituality’. This, however, does not prevent Muslim immigrants from acting as primeval barbarians, upon being exposed to the ideas that do not quite match their own (Banu 2408). I am sure, you must have heard of incidents of street-violence, instigated by the publishing of caricatures on Islamic ‘prophet’ Mohamed in Western newspapers? Protagoras: Yes, I have heard of it. The representatives of Muslim communities in Western countries used to hold mass-rallies, while protesting these caricatures’ publishing, as utterly inappropriate. As far as I remember, these protests were quite violent. Many innocent bystanders sustained physical injuries, simply because they were unfortunate enough to find themselves in close proximity to the raging crowds of Muslim immigrants. Socrates: That is correct. As the context of your latest remark implies, you do consider Muslims’ behavior, in this respect, highly inappropriate? Protagoras: Yes, of course. After all, they were not forced to immigrate to Western countries. If they do not like the ideals of Western secular living, they should simply pack up and leave to where they came from , so that nothing would prevent them from being able to celebrate their religion, in time free from indulging in tribal wars and making babies on an industrial scale. Socrates: Did it occur to you that what you have just said points out to the fact that you think of Muslims’ socially inappropriate behavior as being essentially immoral? Protagoras: I think so. Apparently, these people are being utterly intolerant to other people’s opinions. Socrates: What do you think makes them being intolerant to the extent that many of them are willing to go as far as killing their opponents? Protagoras: I think, they are being little too devoted to their religion. Socrates: Exactly! These people are simply being intellectually primitive, which in turn prompts them to act in a manner if they were absolutely unaffected by the provisions of Western secular law. They think this law has nothing to do with them, as it is only their ‘holy book’ Quran, which they consider to co ntain the only valid instructions as to how they ought to address life’s challenges (Baig 61). Do you agree now that one’s failure to observe the provisions of a civil law is being essentially immoral, as it leads to violence and chaos? Protagoras: I think you have made a good point there. Still, I am not entirely sure that the notion of ‘one’s moral obligation to civil law’ is being fully tangible, simply because there can be no instrument for defining and measuring such obligation’s objective emanations. I guess you are being aware of the fact that the concept of a civil law is based upon the premise that ‘whatever is not forbidden is permitted’. This creates a certain paradox – after all, one might very well go about proving its adherence to the provisions of a civil law by indulging in morally repugnant behavior, since such type of behavior is not being strictly forbidden. Socrates: Actually, the point you have just ma de is being explored throughout the movie Larry Flynt vs. People. Movie’s main character – the publisher of Hustler Magazine Larry Flynt, simply strived to run his business, concerned with selling pornography. This, however, did cost him dearly, as during the course of seventies; America’s Bible-thumpers were still utterly influential. This was exactly the reason why Larry Flynt never ceased being sued on the account of his business’s ‘moral inappropriateness’. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court’s final ruling, in regards to the case of Larry Flynt vs. Jerry Falwell (Christian preacher), left no doubt as to the fact that by promoting pornography, Flynt has in fact been promoting democratic/civil values (Butterbaugh 15). This shows that, regardless of how strongly immoral one’s behavior may appear, for as long as such a behavior contributes to the strengthening of a civil law, as the only legitimate societal authority, this individu al should be considered an outstanding citizen. Protagoras: In other words, there is a possibility for seemingly immoral individuals to be considered as such that experience an innate obligation to promote the provisions of a civil law? Socrates: Yes, there is. It is important to understand that, unlike what it happened to be the case with people’s most commonly irrational morality-related convictions, the morality advanced by a civil law is fully rational, which in turn means that it is being fully objective. The reason for this is apparent – it is namely the countries where civil law enjoys the status of an undisputed authority, which feature world’s highest standards of living. Why is it? This is because it is only in intellectually liberated secular societies, where an impersonal civil law is being equally applied to societies’ members, regardless of what happened to be the particulars of their racial, cultural of religious uniqueness, where the conti nuation of a scientific, cultural and social progress is possible, in the first place. In its turn, this progress creates objective preconditions for the people to be able to enjoy a nice living. After all, as I mentioned earlier, it is specifically ‘godless’, ‘immoral’ and ‘consumerist’ Western societies that serve as a magnet for the hordes of highly ‘spiritual’ and ‘culturally rich’ but intellectually backward immigrants from the Third World, and not the vice versa. Therefore, one’s willingness to observe the provisions of a civil law should indeed be considered the foremost indication of him of her being a moral individual. Protagoras: I guess, I have no option but to agree with you. It just dawned upon that, even though the conventional morality does in fact undergo the process of a continuous transformation, the very purpose of this process is make people’s moral judgments to be fully correlative wi th the provisions of a civil/secular law. Therefore, if there were an instrument for measuring the extent of people’s endowment with socially beneficial morals, it would be the observation of how comfortable they are with the implications of a civil law. Socrates: That is correct. Allow me to conclude this conversation by reinstating once again that there is not only a moral obligation for the people to act in accordance with the provisions of a civil law, but there is also an obligation for them to actively strive to resist just about anything that might undermine such law’s implicational integrity. Protagoras: Thank you for your time. I did find this conversation truly enlightening. Bibliography: Baig B. G. â€Å"Islamic Fundamentalism.† Social Scientist 9.1 (1980): 58-65. Print. Banu, Zainab. â€Å"Immigrant Groups as a Factor in Communal Riots.† Economic  and Political Weekly 29.37 (1994): 2408-2411. Print. Butterbaugh, Laura. â€Å"Is This Freedom ?† Off Our Backs 27.4 (1997): 15-18. Print. Cherlin, Andrew. â€Å"The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage.† Journal of  Marriage and Family 66.4 (2004): 848-861. Print. Dobbelaere, Karel. Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels. Berlin: Peter  Lang, 2004. Print. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978. Print. This essay on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law was written and submitted by user Aubrianna Mccarthy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bhopal India disaster Essays

Bhopal India disaster Essays Bhopal India disaster Essay Bhopal India disaster Essay Bhopal India disaster Name: Course: Date: Bhopal India disaster The Bhopal gas leak disaster that happened in India in 1984 was recorded as one of the most disastrous accidents in the world. The location of the accident was the union Carbide pesticide plant in Madhya Pradesh. The gas leak managed to affect over 100,000 people with poisonous methyl-isocyanine particles. The scope of the gas leak was estimated to be about six kilometers from the source of the gas accident. The initial death toll stood at 2,000 people most of who worked at the plant as employees. Much later, the toll rose to 8,000 after an hour. After three days of investigation, the victims of the gas leak were estimated to be over a hundred thousand (Palit, 2010). The exact health implications of the Bhopal gas leak were not fully released until 1994 when parts of the documents were released to the public. Over 500,000 people were labeled as being gas affected with most of the victims suffering from nervous system failure, different types of cancers, kidney and liver failures (Tho mas, 2010). The pesticide plant UCIL was a branch of the Union Carbide Corporation and immediately distanced itself from the gas disaster. Eventually, the Indian government forced them to pay over $400 million in compensation for the deaths and physical injuries. The occurrence of the disaster pointed toward an increased enforcing of international standards in dealing with environmentally hazardous chemicals to avoid similar accidents in the future. The topic of controversy even after the disaster was the fact that the plants’ scientists refused to divulge any information on the nature of the gas. Warren Anderson, the managing director, was accused of homicide, but he was never tried at both the US and Indian trials. Possible causes of the gas leak accident There was a lot of confusion after the plant was closed to outsiders after allegations arose that the plant had not complied with most regulations touching on worker safety, working conditions, emergency procedures and equipment maintenance. The most significant investigation into the cause of the gas leak was done by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and revealed the following results. Water seeped into MIC storage tanks and triggered an exothermal effect that exuded large amounts of toxic gas that broke open the safety valves. There were safety scrubbers that would normally cut off any excess gas, but these were dismantled for repair when the tragedy occurred (Sheehan, 2011). The main cause of the accident was established as negligence of safety procedures. First, no valves were installed to prevent water from seeping into the MIC storage tanks. The company also did a poor job of maintaining the flaring and cooling systems of the machinery and even on the fateful day, they were not in proper working condition. At the factory, coolant units had been drained off for usage in another part of the plant and the gas flare had been off for over three months. The reason given for the low safety standard at Union Carbide branch were financial in nature and involved massive budget cuts to the safety fund. The company had also made massive errors by procuring and installing equipment that had not been approved as safe for handling toxic components (Fact Finding Mission on Bhopal, 2009). Effects of the Bhopal gas leak accident Environmental effects The Dow Chemical Company that took over the control of Union Carbide Company in 2001 reported that there were still large volumes of poisonous waste at the site of the accident. As of 2011, the site was still highly contaminated with residues of mercury and hexachlorobenzene (Sheehan, 2011). Efforts were made to seal some of the toxic wastes into open barrels, but the severe rainfall and flooding washed off the chemicals into domestic water sources such as rivers and still ponds. Research done by environmentalists revealed that the locals consumed water that contained up to 500 times more toxic material than was humanly possible to consume. This has led to mutation and extinction of various species of flora and fauna in the area (Sarangi, 2012). Efforts to mitigate the accident and avoid future similar incidents The Indian Government was highly cooperative with lawmakers to ensure that repeats of such biochemical accidents were outdated. The state passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a method of ascertaining that allegations and lawsuits arising from the gas leak accident would be dealt with promptly and fairly. Within the Act, there were clauses that made such cases only adjudicated by the state. Through this act, all cases were removed from US jurisdiction and awarded to Indian courts. The agreement by UCIL to pay the $470 million was one of the results of such adjudication (Sarangi, 2012). Various stakeholders in the chemical industry globally used the Bhopal disaster as the perfect opportunity to plan to reinforce the safety regulations to deter any future lapses that would result in disasters. The Bhopal disaster proved that problems involving industrial hazards are tied to global market changes. Practical and consistent international operating guidelines for hazardous industries were proposed and ratified in international platforms such as the UN General Assembly and the European Union. These policies and norms have worked exceptionally well in measuring performance of hazardous chemical producers in India (Fact Finding Mission on Bhopal, 2009). The Bhopal incident served to change the trend and structure of industrial chemical production in India and the rest of the world. Though many lives were lost and the environment destroyed, the accident served to reinforce the authority of the Ministry of Environment and other stakeholders as well as renewing the world’s commitment at controlling the industrial activity that posed a potential threat to their well-being and that of the environment. References Fact Finding Mission on Bhopal. (2009). The Bhopal gas disaster, impacts, responses, current status, and recommendations for the future: executive summaries of studies. New Delhi: Fact Finding Mission on Bhopal Palit, A., National University of Singapore. (2010). The Bhopal tragedy verdict: Can India handle industrial disasters? Singapore: Institute of South Asian Studies. Sarangi, S. (2012). Compensation to Bhopal gas victims: will justice ever be done? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 9, 2 Sheehan, H. E. (2011). The Bhopal gas disaster: focus on community health and environmental effects. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 8, 2 Thomas, G. (2010). The Bhopal gas disaster and the poor state of occupational health and safety India. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 7, 4